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language contact
Language contact occurs when two or more languages or varieties interact. The study of language contact is called contact linguistics.
Multilingualism has likely been common throughout much of human history, and today most people in the world are multilingual.〔http://www.cal.org/resources/Digest/digestglobal.html ''A Global Perspective on Bilingualism and Bilingual Education'' (1999), G. Richard Tucker, Carnegie Mellon University〕
When speakers of different languages interact closely, it is typical for their languages to influence each other. Language contact can occur at language borders,〔Hadzibeganovic, Tarik, Stauffer, Dietrich & Schulze, Christian (2008). Boundary effects in a three-state modified voter model for languages. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 387(13), 3242–3252.〕 between adstratum languages, or as the result of migration, with an intrusive language acting as either a superstratum or a substratum.
Language contact occurs in a variety of phenomena, including language convergence, borrowing and relexification. The most common products are pidgins, creoles, code-switching, and mixed languages. Other hybrid languages, such as English, do not strictly fit into any of these categories.
==Forms of influence of one language on another==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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